Day: January 5, 2023

Gold-Catalyzed Direct Alkynylation of Azulenes was written by Szekely, Anna;Peter, Aron;Aradi, Klara;Tolnai, Gergely L.;Novak, Zoltan. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2017.Formula: C10H16BrN This article mentions the following:

A novel catalytic method for the direct C-H alkynylation of azulenes is developed. The gold catalyzed functionalization of this special carbacycle is achieved with hypervalent iodonium reagent TIPS-EBX under mild reaction conditions. With the aid of the developed procedure, several TIPS alkynylated azulene derivatives, e.g., I, were synthesized bearing important functional groups for further functionalization. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Butyl-4-methylpyridin-1-ium bromide (cas: 65350-59-6Formula: C10H16BrN).

1-Butyl-4-methylpyridin-1-ium bromide (cas: 65350-59-6) belongs to pyridine derivatives. In contrast to benzene, Pyridine’s electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect of the nitrogen atom. Pyridine derivatives are also useful as small-molecule α-helix mimetics that inhibit protein-protein interactions, as well as functionally selective GABA ligands.Formula: C10H16BrN

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Hydrothermal carbonization of spent mushroom compost waste compared against torrefaction and pyrolysis was written by Atallah, Emile;Zeaiter, Joseph;Ahmad, Mohammad N.;Leahy, James J.;Kwapinski, Witold. And the article was included in Fuel Processing Technology in 2021.Formula: C5H5NO This article mentions the following:

The effects of operating conditions (temperature, residence time, and water contents) of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of spent mushroom compost (SMC) waste on the hydrochars (HCs) and liquid effluent characteristics were exptl. revised and ranked in increasing order: residence time < dilution factor < temperature HTC upgraded the energy capabilities by doubling their heating values and increasing their fixed carbon contents four times. HTC also enhanced the soil amendment characteristics of SMC feedstock in terms of increasing the adsorption polar heads concentration, enriching its calcium and heavy metals contents after a thorough inorganic contents evaluation, doubling the surface area and increasing the pore size by a factor of five. When compared against biocoal from torrefaction in another study, HCs contained less toxic oxygenated compounds and had an 11% higher HHV at lower temperature (i.e. lower energy cost). On the other hand, HCs showed higher surface area (25 m2/g at 250 °C in HTC compared to 16 m2/g at 550 °C in pyrolysis), close adsorption characteristic, and comparable energy capabilities (22.72 MJ/kg at 700 °Cs in pyrolysis compared to 20.7 MJ/kg at 250 °C in HTC) to pyrolysis at significantly lower temperature GCMS along with UV were used to verify the reviewed degradation mechanism and evaluate the effect of process parameters on this mechanism and on the composition and toxicity of the HTC liquid effluent. They showed that acetic and formic acids, ethanol, phenol, and acetaldehyde were the major compounds that had resulted from the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Their concentrations increased with temperature and residence time, but was dependent on temperature in the case of increasing the dilution factor. Nevertheless, HTC degradation enhanced the total acids-phenols concentration in the liquid effluent by 700%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Pyridin-4-ol (cas: 626-64-2Formula: C5H5NO).

Pyridin-4-ol (cas: 626-64-2) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds. Several pyridine derivatives play important roles in biological systems. While its biosynthesis is not fully understood, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) occurs in some bacteria, fungi, and mammals.Formula: C5H5NO

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Study of Heterogeneous Catalysis by Iron-Squarate based 3D Metal Organic Framework for the Transformation of Tetrazines to Oxadiazole derivatives was written by Goswami, Soumyabrata;Jena, Himanshu Sekhar;Konar, Sanjit. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 2014.Safety of 2,5-Di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole This article mentions the following:

We present here a simple, milder, and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalytic method for the transformation of tetrazines to oxadiazole derivatives at room temperature (25 °C) using our earlier synthesized iron-squarate based 3D metal organic framework, [Fe₃(OH)₃(C₄O₄)(C₄O₄)_0.5]_n (FeSq-MOF). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,5-Di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (cas: 15420-02-7Safety of 2,5-Di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole).

2,5-Di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (cas: 15420-02-7) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine is diamagnetic and has a diamagnetic susceptibility of −48.7 × 10−6 cm3·mol−1.The molecular electric dipole moment is 2.2 debyes. The standard enthalpy of formation is 100.2 kJ·mol−1 in the liquid phase and 140.4 kJ·mol−1 in the gas phase. One of the examples of pyridines is the well-known alkaloid lithoprimidine, which is an A3 adenosine receptor antagonist and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analog, commonly used in organic synthesis.Safety of 2,5-Di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Monodisperse CuPd alloy nanoparticles as efficient and reusable catalyst for the C (sp²)-H bond activation was written by Huang, Fei;Wang, Feifan;Hu, Qiyan;Tang, Lin;Xu, Dongping;Fang, Yang;Zhang, Wu. And the article was included in Applied Organometallic Chemistry in 2021.Application In Synthesis of 2-(m-Tolyl)pyridine This article mentions the following:

Metal-catalyzed selective activation of C-H bonds is very important for the construction of a variety of biol. active mols. Supported alloy nanoparticles are of great interest in various catalytic applications due to the synergistic effects between different metals. Here, well-dispersed CuPd alloy nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized and found to be highly efficient and recyclable catalyst for the chelation-assisted C(sp²)-H bond activation. Aromatic ketones or esters were synthesized via the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction between 2-arylpyridines and alcs. or acids [e.g., 2-phenylpyridine + benzyl alc. → I (94%)]. Moreover, the catalyst was recovered and used for five times without significantly losing activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(m-Tolyl)pyridine (cas: 4373-61-9Application In Synthesis of 2-(m-Tolyl)pyridine).

2-(m-Tolyl)pyridine (cas: 4373-61-9) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine has a dipole moment and a weaker resonant stabilization than benzene (resonance energy 117 kJ·mol−1 in pyridine vs. 150 kJ·mol−1 in benzene). Several pyridine derivatives play important roles in biological systems. While its biosynthesis is not fully understood, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) occurs in some bacteria, fungi, and mammals.Application In Synthesis of 2-(m-Tolyl)pyridine

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Visible-Light-Promoted Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Benzylation of Pyridine N-Oxides versus Thermal Acylation Reaction with Toluene Derivatives was written by Kianmehr, Ebrahim;Gholamhosseyni, Maral. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2018.Safety of 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide This article mentions the following:

Copper-catalyzed visible light mediated direct C-H bond benzylation of pyridine N-oxides with toluene derivatives was accomplished by recent developments in photochem. carbon-carbon bond formation through a photo-induced bond-dissociation strategy. This visible light driven protocol has been successfully applied to a broad scope of pyridine N-oxides and toluene derivatives Furthermore, preliminary research indicates that the acylation reaction can be carried out under thermal reaction conditions. This protocol provides easy access to 2-benzyl and 2-acyl pyridine N-oxide derivatives in the presence of a copper catalyst. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide (cas: 3718-65-8Safety of 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide).

3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide (cas: 3718-65-8) belongs to pyridine derivatives. In contrast to benzene, Pyridine’s electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect of the nitrogen atom. Pyridine derivatives are also useful as small-molecule α-helix mimetics that inhibit protein-protein interactions, as well as functionally selective GABA ligands.Safety of 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-carbamoyl-2-β-D-ribofuranosylpyridine was written by Joos, Pieter E.;Esmans, Eddy L.;Dommisse, Roger A.;Van Dongen, Walter;Lepoivre, Jozef A.;Alderweireldt, Frank C.;Balzarini, Jan;De Clercq, Erik. And the article was included in Nucleosides & Nucleotides in 1991.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-bromoisonicotinate This article mentions the following:

The biol. evaluation and preparation of the title compound (I) and it α-anomer from 2-amino-4-methylpyridine, via addition reaction of lithio(dimethyloxazolinyl)pyridine II with 2,4:3,5-di-O-benzylidenealdehydo-D-ribose (III), are reported. I showed no appreciable virucidal activity and was a weak cytostatic agent in a number of tumor cell systems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-bromoisonicotinate (cas: 89978-52-9Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-bromoisonicotinate).

Ethyl 2-bromoisonicotinate (cas: 89978-52-9) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine’s the lone pair does not contribute to the aromatic system but importantly influences the chemical properties of pyridine, as it easily supports bond formation via an electrophilic attack. Pyridine groups exist in countless molecules, and their applications include catalysis, drug design, molecular recognition, and natural product synthesis.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-bromoisonicotinate

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

On the preparation of 1-aryl-2-heteroaryl- and 2-aryl-1-heteroarylpyrroles as useful building blocks for biologically interesting heterocycles was written by Almerico, Anna Maria;Montalbano, Alessandra;Diana, Patrizia;Barraja, Paola;Lauria, Antonino;Cirrincione, Girolamo;Dattolo, Gaetano. And the article was included in ARKIVOC (Gainesville, FL, United States) [online computer file] in 2001.Reference of 28020-37-3 This article mentions the following:

A series of 1-aryl-2-pyridinyl/pyrimidinyl-pyrroles and 2-aryl-1-pyridinyl/pyrimidinyl-pyrroles were prepared by using 4+1 ring synthesis. The yields were strongly dependant on the reactivity of the starting amines. Synthetic procedures involving a 3+2 ring formation were discussed. Few 1-heteroaryl derivatives showed weak activity when tested as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Amino-2,6-dimethoxypyridine (cas: 28020-37-3Reference of 28020-37-3).

3-Amino-2,6-dimethoxypyridine (cas: 28020-37-3) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds. One of the examples of pyridines is the well-known alkaloid lithoprimidine, which is an A3 adenosine receptor antagonist and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analog, commonly used in organic synthesis.Reference of 28020-37-3

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Iridium-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl N-Heteroaryl Ketones with N-Oxide as a Removable ortho-Substituent was written by Liu, Qixing;Wang, Chunqin;Zhou, Haifeng;Wang, Baigui;Lv, Jinliang;Cao, Lu;Fu, Yigang. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2018.Recommanded Product: 4-Methylpicolinonitrile This article mentions the following:

A highly enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of non-ortho-substituted aryl N-heteroaryl ketones, using readily available chiral diamine-derived iridium complex as a catalyst and sodium formate as a hydrogen source in a mixture of H₂O/i-PrOH (volume/volume = 1:1) under ambient conditions, is described. The chiral aryl N-heteroaryl methanols were obtained with up to 98.2% ee by introducing an N-oxide as a removable ortho-substituent. In contrast, no more than 15.1% ee was observed in the absence of an N-oxide moiety. Furthermore, the practical utility of this protocol was also demonstrated by gram-scale asym. synthesis of bepotastine besilate in 51% total yield and 99.9% ee. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Methylpicolinonitrile (cas: 1620-76-4Recommanded Product: 4-Methylpicolinonitrile).

4-Methylpicolinonitrile (cas: 1620-76-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Pyridine groups exist in countless molecules, and their applications include catalysis, drug design, molecular recognition, and natural product synthesis.Recommanded Product: 4-Methylpicolinonitrile

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Competitive eliminations in the basic decomposition of N-alkoxypyridinium salts. I. Competition between ylide or anhydro base intermediates and hydroxide ions in the abstraction of α or β protons in the alkoxyl chain was written by Sliwa, H.;Tartar, A.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 1977.Synthetic Route of C7H9NO This article mentions the following:

A novel mode of base-induced decomposition of N-alkoxypyridinium salts with a β-H in the alkoxy chain is described. The N-oxide moiety acts as a leaving group in an elimination reaction to give an ethylenic derivative, in competition with the classical decomposition to aldehyde and pyridine. The latter is predominant in I (R = H, R¹ = R² = Me; R = R¹ = H, R² = Me) whereas the former is almost exclusive in I (R = H, Me; R¹ = R² =H). Deuteration studies showed that proton abstraction results from direct attack by OH^– except for the α-proton of salts bearing ≥1 Me group in the 2- or 6-positions, where it occurs by an intramol. transfer to an intermediary anhydro base. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide (cas: 3718-65-8Synthetic Route of C7H9NO).

3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-oxide (cas: 3718-65-8) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridines are an important class of heterocycles and occur in polysubstituted forms in many naturally occurring biologically active compounds, drug molecules and chiral ligands. Halopyridines are particularly attractive synthetic building blocks in a variety of cross-coupling methods, including the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.Synthetic Route of C7H9NO

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable GPR40 Full Agonists Bearing Thiophen-2-ylpropanoic Acid Scaffold was written by Li, He;Huang, Qi;Chen, Cheng;Xu, Bin;Wang, He-Yao;Long, Ya-Qiu. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2017.Reference of 1072951-54-2 This article mentions the following:

The free fatty acid receptor GPR40 is predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and enhances insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner. Therefore, GPR40 agonists are possible novel insulin secretagogues with reduced or no risk of hypoglycemia for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chem. and structurally diverse GPR40 agonists with high safety are pursued for the clin. development of GPR40-based pharmacotherapeutics. Herein we report our design and discovery of a new chemotype of GPR40 agonists free of the typical phenylpropanoic acid scaffold. The thiophen-2-ylpropanoic acid containing GPR40 modulators functioned as full agonists with high-efficacy response (E_max) and reduced lipophilicity. Significantly, the lead compound in this series, (R)-7k, exhibited more potent in vitro glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and in vivo glucose-lowering effects (10 mg/kg, po) than the GPR40 partial agonist TAK-875, which was once in phase III clin. trials, and high selectivity over the relevant receptors GPR120 and PPARγ. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,6-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)boronic acid (cas: 1072951-54-2Reference of 1072951-54-2).

(2,6-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)boronic acid (cas: 1072951-54-2) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine has a conjugated system of six π electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the Hückel criteria for aromatic systems. Pyridine groups exist in countless molecules, and their applications include catalysis, drug design, molecular recognition, and natural product synthesis.Reference of 1072951-54-2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem