Karthikeyan, Chedarampet S.; Thelakkat, Mukundan published an article on February 15 ,2008. The article was titled 《Key aspects of individual layers in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells and novel concepts to improve their performance》, and you may find the article in Inorganica Chimica Acta.Recommanded Product: 138219-98-4 The information in the text is summarized as follows:
The key aspects of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (SDSC) are presented with different concepts, based on extensive studies, to improve performance. The influence of the compact TiO2 layer, novel donor-antenna sensitizing dyes, nature of nanocrystalline-TiO2 layers and solid-state organic hole conductors on the performance of SDSC is discussed. Preparation and thickness of the compact TiO2 layer were optimized using spray pyrolysis. The studies revealed that an optimum film thickness of 120-150 nm of compact TiO2 yielded the best rectifying behavior and SDSC performance. The influence of 3 different mesoporous TiO2 films, obtained from 3 different TiO2 nanocrystals, prepared by sol-gel, thermal, and colloidal-microwave processes, was also studied. The TiO2 layer with the optimum pore volume and pore diameter (∼44 nm) displayed the highest efficiency and IPCE in a SDSC. The importance of pore size rather than high surface area for filling the mesoporous layer with solid-state hole conductor became evident. Heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes carrying donor antenna moieties, triphenylamine (TPA) or N,N’-bis(phenyl)-N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD), were synthesized and used in a SDSC. These novel donor-antenna dyes had power conversion efficiencies of 1.5-3.4%, measured under AM 1.5 spectral conditions. This is attributed to efficient light harvesting of these novel dyes and the improved charge-transfer dynamics at TiO2-dye and dye-hole conductor interfaces. Different low mol. weight and polymeric triphenyldiamines were synthesized and used as hole-transporting layers (HTL) in SDSC. Different studies showed that low mol. TPDs displayed better efficiency than their polymeric counterparts due to their improved filling into the pores of the nc-TiO2 layers. Another study revealed that an optimum driving force in terms of HOMO-level difference between the dye and HTL decides charge carrier generation efficiency. Novel hole conductors with spiro-bifluorene-triphenylamine core for transporting holes and tetra-ethylene glycol side chains for binding Li ions were synthesized and used in SDSCs. A Li+-salt is required at the TiO2/dye interface as well as in the bulk of HTL. Also the addition of ∼5-20% of these Li+-binding hole conductors and higher Li-salt (N-lithiotrifluoromethane sulfonamide) concentrations improved the SDSC performance. An improvement of ∼120% in solar cell efficiency as compared to the reference cells was achieved with an optimum composition of Li+-binding hole conductor and Li-salt. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found 4,4′-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine(cas: 138219-98-4Recommanded Product: 138219-98-4)
4,4′-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine(cas: 138219-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. Recommanded Product: 138219-98-4The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds.