Let’s face it, organic chemistry can seem difficult to learn, COA of Formula: C24H24ClN3O5, Especially from a beginner’s point of view. Like 161558-45-8, Name is 2-((4-Chlorophenyl)(piperidin-4-yloxy)methyl)pyridine 4-nitrobenzoate, molecular formula is pyridine-derivatives, belongs to pyridine-derivatives compound. In a document, author is Yan, Weiwei, introducing its new discovery.
Febuxostat Inhibits MPP plus -Induced Inflammatory Response Through Inhibiting the JNK/NF-kappa B Pathway in Astrocytes
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease lacking effective clinical therapies. It is reported that astrocyte-associated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathological mechanism of PD. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of febuxostat against 1 methyl 4 phenyl pyridine (MPP+)-induced injury on primary astrocytes to highlight the potential therapeutic property of febuxostat in PD. MPP+ was used to induce an in vitro PD model in primary rat astrocytes. The levels of ROS and intracellularly reduced GSH were determined using DCFH-DA assay and a commercial GSH kit, respectively. MTT and LDH release assays were utilized to evaluate the cell viability of astrocytes. The expressions of IL-8, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in the astrocytes were detected using qRT-PCR and ELISA assays. QRT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the expression levels of GFAP in astrocytes. The expression of p-JNK and nuclear levels of NF-kappa B p65 were evaluated using Western blot analysis. The transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B was measured using the luciferase activity assay. Firstly, the elevated levels of ROS and decreased levels of intracellularly reduced GSH in primary astrocytes induced by MPP+ were significantly ameliorated by febuxostat. Secondly, treatment with febuxostat rescued MPP+-induced reduction in cell viability and increased LDH release. Thirdly, febuxostat alleviated MPP+-induced inflammatory responses in astrocytes by reducing the expressions of IL-8, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, GFAP, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Importantly, we found that febuxostat mitigated activation of the JNK/NF-kappa B signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK and nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B p65. Febuxostat attenuated MPP+-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the JNK/NF-kappa B signaling pathway in astrocytes.
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Reference:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
,Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem