Category: 644-98-4

Analysis and optimisation of a novel “bio-brewery” approach: Production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals by microwave-assisted, hydrothermal liquefaction of brewers’ spent grains was written by Lorente, Almudena;Remon, Javier;Budarin, Vitaliy L.;Sanchez-Verdu, Prado;Moreno, Andres;Clark, James H.. And the article was included in Energy Conversion and Management in 2019.Electric Literature of C8H11N This article mentions the following:

This work firstly explores the feasibility of using a novel microwave-assisted, catalyzed, hydrothermal process for the valorisation of brewers’ spent grains (BSGs), examining the effects of the temperature (180-250鎺矯), pressure (50-130 bar), reaction time (0-2 h) and catalyst amount (Ni-Co/Al-Mg, 0-0.25 g cat/g biomass). This route turned out to be a very promising approach for the production of bio-fuels (bio-oil and bio-char) and platform chems. (sugar rich aqueous solutions) in a single unit, helping the development of an innovative bio-refinery around BSGs. The overall conversion and the yields to gas, aqueous fraction and bio-oil varied by 31-68%, 10-33%, 9-48% and 4-14%, resp. The bio-oil was made up a complex mixture of phenols (0-26%), ketones (0-80%), aldehydes (0-57%), carboxylic acids (0-18%) and nitrogen compounds (0-76%). The proportions of C, H, N and O in the bio-oil varied as follow: 15-61 wt%, 5-10 wt%, 1-6 wt% and 26-77 wt%, resp., which shifted its higher heating value (HHV) between 9 and 27 MJ/kg. The liquid fraction comprised a mixture of DP > 6 oligosaccharides (67-98 C-weight%), DP2-6 oligosaccharides (0-10 C-weight%), saccharides (0.2-7 C-weight%), carboxylic acids (0-7 C-weight%) and furans (0-27 C-weight%). The spent solid after the experiments resembled an energetic like bio-char product, whose proportions of C, H, O and N varied by 35-72 wt%, 4-8 wt%, 1-4 wt% and 18-57 wt% and its HHV shifted between 9 and 32 MJ/kg. The optimization of the process revealed that using a temperature of 250鎺矯 and a pressure of 125 bar for 2 h, it is possible to convert the original material into high-energy biofuels: (8%) bio-oil (26 MJ/kg) and (35%) bio-char (32 MJ/kg); together with a (31%) saccharide-rich (>99 C-weight%) aqueous solution, thus converting this process into a very promising approach to achieve an environmentally-friendly and integral valorisation of brewers’ spent grains. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Electric Literature of C8H11N).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the 锜?bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the 锜?bonds. Several pyridine derivatives play important roles in biological systems. While its biosynthesis is not fully understood, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) occurs in some bacteria, fungi, and mammals.Electric Literature of C8H11N

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Alkylation of pyridine in free radical chain reactions utilizing alkylmercurials was written by Russell, Glen A.;Guo, Deliang;Khanna, Rajive K.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1985.HPLC of Formula: 644-98-4 This article mentions the following:

Pyridines or N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine will undergo a photostimulated free radical chain reaction with alkylmercury halides or carboxylates yielding ring alkylated substitution products. Alkene mercuration products can be used without isolation for the alkylation reaction. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4HPLC of Formula: 644-98-4).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the 锜?bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the 锜?bonds. Pyridine, its benzo and pyridine-based compounds play diverse roles in organic chemistry. Pyridine-based materials are valued for their optical and physical properties as well as their medical potential. HPLC of Formula: 644-98-4

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Synthesis of a Series of Non-Symmetric Bispyridinium and Related Compounds and Their Affinity Characterization at the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor was written by Rappenglueck, Sebastian;Sichler, Sonja;Hoefner, Georg;Wein, Thomas;Niessen, Karin V.;Seeger, Thomas;Paintner, Franz F.;Worek, Franz;Thiermann, Horst;Wanner, Klaus T.. And the article was included in ChemMedChem in 2018.Electric Literature of C8H11N This article mentions the following:

The current standard therapy to counteract organophosphate intoxication is not effective in equal measure against all types of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), as the outcome of oxime-induced reactivation of inactivated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) strongly depends on the particular OPC. In case the reactivation is insufficient, acetylcholine concentrations that rise to pathophysiol. levels force the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) into a desensitized state and hence a functionally inactive state. As a consequence, neurotransmission is irreversibly disrupted at the neuromuscular junction. Previous electrophysiol. studies identified the sym. bispyridinium compound 1,1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis[4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-1-ium] diiodide (MB327) as a re-sensitizer of the desensitized nAChR. MB327 is thereby capable of restoring the functional activity. Very recently, in silico modeling studies suggested non-sym. derivatives of MB327 as potential re-sensitizers with enhanced binding affinity and thus possible enhanced efficacy. In this study, 26 novel non-sym. bispyridinium compounds and related derivatives were synthesized. For the synthesis of the highly polar target compounds in sufficient quantities, newly developed and highly efficient two-step procedures were used. Compounds were characterized in terms of their binding affinity toward the MB327 binding site at the nAChR using recently developed mass spectrometry (MS) Binding Assays. Regarding structure-affinity relationships at the MB327 binding site, the presence of two quaternary aromatic nitrogen centers as well as pyridinium systems with a tert-Bu group at the 4-position or a NMe₂ group at the 3- or 4-positions appeared to be beneficial for high binding affinities. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Electric Literature of C8H11N).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine has a conjugated system of six 锜?electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the H鐪塩kel criteria for aromatic systems. Pyridine groups exist in countless molecules, and their applications include catalysis, drug design, molecular recognition, and natural product synthesis.Electric Literature of C8H11N

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Palladium-Catalyzed Alkylation of sp² and sp³ C-H Bonds with Methylboroxine and Alkylboronic Acids: Two Distinct C-H Activation Pathways was written by Chen, Xiao;Goodhue, Charles E.;Yu, Jin-Quan. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2006.COA of Formula: C8H11N This article mentions the following:

Palladium-catalyzed alkylations of sp² and sp³ C-H bonds with either methylboroxine or alkylboronic acids were developed. Ag₂O or Ag₂CO₃ is used as a crucial oxidant and promoter for the transmetalation step. Ether, ester, alc., and alkene functional groups are tolerated. A new C-H activation pathway differing from the cyclometalation process is elucidated using methylboroxine as the coupling partner. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4COA of Formula: C8H11N).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine has a conjugated system of six π electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the Hückel criteria for aromatic systems. Pyridine derivatives are also useful as small-molecule α-helix mimetics that inhibit protein-protein interactions, as well as functionally selective GABA ligands.COA of Formula: C8H11N

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Screening for emphysema via exhaled volatile organic compounds was written by Cristescu, S. M.;Gietema, H. A.;Blanchet, L.;Kruitwagen, C. L. J. J.;Munnik, P.;van Klaveren, R. J.;Lammers, J. W. J.;Buydens, L.;Harren, F. J. M.;Zanen, P.. And the article was included in Journal of Breath Research in 2011.COA of Formula: C8H11N This article mentions the following:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema risk groups are well defined and screening allows for early identification of disease. The capability of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to detect emphysema, as found by computed tomog. (CT) in current and former heavy smokers participating in a lung cancer screening trial, was investigated. CT scans, pulmonary function tests and breath sample collections were obtained from 204 subjects. Breath samples were analyzed with a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to obtain VOC profiles listed as ions at various mass-to-charge ratios (m/z). Using bootstrapped stepwise forward logistic regression, we identified specific breath profiles as a potential tool for the diagnosis of emphysema, of airflow limitation or gas-exchange impairment. A marker for emphysema was found at m/z 87 (tentatively attributed to 2-methylbutanal). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of this marker to diagnose emphysema was 0.588 (95% CI 0.453-0.662). Mass-to-charge ratios m/z 52 (most likely chloramine) and m/z 135 (alkyl benzene) were linked to obstructive disease and m/z 122 (most probably alkyl homologs) to an impaired diffusion capacity. ROC areas were 0.646 (95% CI 0.562-0.730) and 0.671 (95% CI 0.524-0.710), resp. In the screening setting, exhaled VOCs measured by PTR-MS constitute weak markers for emphysema, pulmonary obstruction and impaired diffusion capacity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4COA of Formula: C8H11N).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine has a conjugated system of six π electrons that are delocalized over the ring. The molecule is planar and, thus, follows the Hückel criteria for aromatic systems. Halopyridines are particularly attractive synthetic building blocks in a variety of cross-coupling methods, including the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.COA of Formula: C8H11N

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

A simultaneous oxidation of isomeric benzyl- and isopropylpyridines was written by Opeida, I. A.;Matvienko, A. G.;Efimova, I. V.;Zalevskaya, N. M.. And the article was included in Ukrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (Russian Edition) in 1986.SDS of cas: 644-98-4 This article mentions the following:

A kinetic study was reported of the oxidation of the following binary mixture: (1) 3-isopropylpyridine with 2-, 3-, and 4-benzylpyridine and Ph₂CH₂; (2) 2-benzylpyridine with 2-, 3-, and 4-isopropylpyridine and cumene; and (3) 3-isopropylpyridine with 4-benzylpyridine. The reactivity of the isopropyl- and benzylpyridine increased in the order 4 < 2 < 3. Ph₂CH₂ was more reactive than the benzylpyridines, and cumene was more reactive than the isopropylpyridines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4SDS of cas: 644-98-4).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. In contrast to benzene, Pyridine’s electron density is not evenly distributed over the ring, reflecting the negative inductive effect of the nitrogen atom. Pyridine, its benzo and pyridine-based compounds play diverse roles in organic chemistry. Pyridine-based materials are valued for their optical and physical properties as well as their medical potential. SDS of cas: 644-98-4

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Potassium Amide-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Bond Addition of Alkylpyridines to Styrenes was written by Zhai, Dan-Dan;Zhang, Xiang-Yu;Liu, Yu-Feng;Zheng, Lei;Guan, Bing-Tao. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2018.Formula: C8H11N This article mentions the following:

The benzylic functionalization of alkylpyridines is an important pathway for pyridine derivatives synthesis. The reaction partners, however, were mostly limited to highly reactive polar electrophiles. Herein, we report a potassium amide-catalyzed selective benzylic C-H bond addition of alkylpyridines to styrenes. Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS), a readily available Bronsted base, showed excellent catalytic activity and chemoselectivity. A series of alkylpyridine derivatives, including benzylic quaternary carbon substituted pyridines, were obtained in good to high yield. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the deprotonation equilibrium is probably responsible for the excellent selectivity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Formula: C8H11N).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds. Halopyridines are particularly attractive synthetic building blocks in a variety of cross-coupling methods, including the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.Formula: C8H11N

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

A novel synthetic scheme for 2-ethylthioisonicotinamide was written by Wang, Cheng-Hsia;Hwang, Fang-Yu;Horng, Jhy-Ming;Chen, Chao-Tung. And the article was included in Heterocycles in 1979.Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine This article mentions the following:

The title compound was prepared by successive ammoxidation of 4-picoline, ethylation of 4-cyanopyridine with Et radicals generated by decarboxylation of EtCO₂H, and treatment of 2-ethylisonicotinonitrile with (NH₄)₂S. A laboratory ammoxidation apparatus is described. Pyridine was alkylated to its 2- and 4-alkyl derivatives and 4-cyanopyridine to its 2-alkyl and 2,6-dialkyl derivatives with alkyl radicals generated from RCO₂H (R = Me, Et, Pr, CHMe₂, Bu). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Many analogues of pyridine are known where N is replaced by other heteroatoms . Substitution of one C–H in pyridine with a second N gives rise to the diazine heterocycles (C4H4N2), with the names pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine.Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Acylation of C(sp³)-H bonds with Cyclopropenones was written by Kong, Lingheng;Zhou, Xukai;Xu, Youwei;Li, Xingwei. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2017.Reference of 644-98-4 This article mentions the following:

Rh(III)-catalyzed activation and acylation of sp³ C-H bonds has been realized with diarylcyclopropenone as an acylating reagent. Both benzylic C-H in 8-methylquinolines and unactivated C-H in 2-alkylpyridines are applicable in this C-H acylation reaction, providing enones in good yields under redox-neutral conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Reference of 644-98-4).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine’s the lone pair does not contribute to the aromatic system but importantly influences the chemical properties of pyridine, as it easily supports bond formation via an electrophilic attack. Pyridine, its benzo and pyridine-based compounds play diverse roles in organic chemistry. Pyridine-based materials are valued for their optical and physical properties as well as their medical potential. Reference of 644-98-4

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Steric effects in S_N2 reactions. Determination of transition state structures for the quaternization of 2-alkylpyridines and -thiazoles by a combined experimental and molecular mechanics procedure was written by Berg, Ulf;Gallo, Roger. And the article was included in Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Series B: Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in 1983.Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine This article mentions the following:

S_N2 transition-state structures for the Menschutkin reactions between 2-alkylpyridines or -thiazoles and MeX (X = I, and SO₃F) are calculated by the Allinger 1973 force field method. Exptl. found differences in steric energies between the quaternary iminium ions and the activated complexes are used as measures for the elevation of the position of the transition state. Estimates of the C-N distance (r_C-N) in the transition state result in a 22±4% extension compared to the ground state value (1.48 Å), depending upon the transition state model used. The preferred model results in r_C-N = 1.812±0.013 Å. Consistent results were obtained with nucleophiles of different geometries (pyridines and thiazoles). A change of leaving group from iodide to fluorosulfonate leads to an extension of r_C-N by 0.04±0.02 Å. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine).

2-Isopropylpyridine (cas: 644-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. Pyridine is diamagnetic and has a diamagnetic susceptibility of −48.7 × 10−6 cm3·mol−1.The molecular electric dipole moment is 2.2 debyes. The standard enthalpy of formation is 100.2 kJ·mol−1 in the liquid phase and 140.4 kJ·mol−1 in the gas phase. One of the examples of pyridines is the well-known alkaloid lithoprimidine, which is an A3 adenosine receptor antagonist and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analog, commonly used in organic synthesis.Quality Control of 2-Isopropylpyridine

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem