Category: 98-98-6

《Arabidopsis PIC30 encodes a major facilitator superfamily transporter responsible for the uptake of picolinate herbicides》 was published in Plant Journal in 2020. These research results belong to Kathare, Praveen K.; Dharmasiri, Sunethra; Vincill, Eric D.; Routray, Pratyush; Ahmad, Idrees; Roberts, Daniel M.; Dharmasiri, Nihal. COA of Formula: C6H5NO2 The article mentions the following:

However, its mechanism of transport into plants is poorly understood. In a genetic screen for picloram resistance, we identified three Arabidopsis mutant alleles of PIC30 (PICLORAM RESISTANT30) that are specifically resistant to picolinates, but not to other auxins. PIC30 is a previously uncharacterized gene that encodes a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter. Similar to most members of MFS, PIC30 contains 12 putative transmembrane domains, and PIC30-GFP fusion protein selectively localizes to the plasma membrane. In planta transport assays demonstrate that PIC30 specifically transports picloram, but not indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Functional anal. of Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with PIC30 cRNA demonstrated PIC30 mediated transport of picloram and several anions, including nitrate and chloride. Consistent with these roles of PIC30, three allelic pic30 mutants are selectively insensitive to picolinate herbicides, while pic30-3 is also defective in chlorate (analog of nitrate) transport and also shows reduced uptake of 15NO3-. Overexpression of PIC30 fully complements both picloram and chlorate insensitive phenotypes of pic30-3. Despite the continued use of picloram as an herbicide, a transporter for picloram was not known until now. This work provides insight into the mechanisms of plant resistance to picolinate herbicides and also shed light on the possible endogenous function of PIC30 protein. The experimental process involved the reaction of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6COA of Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.COA of Formula: C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

The author of 《Modulating the blue shift of phosphorescence with fluorine-free group in iridium (III) complexes》 were Gao, Ying; Ding, Shuang; Su, Zhong-Min; Geng, Yun. And the article was published in Journal of Luminescence in 2019. Recommanded Product: 98-98-6 The author mentioned the following in the article:

In this work, iridium complexes 1-8 bearing bipyridine or pyridine-pyrimidine main ligand and picolinate ancillary ligand have been designed by varying the position of -OCH3 and Ph groups at the ligands aiming at finding a better choice to design blue phosphors. The results indicate that an appropriate combination of -OCH3 and pyridine-pyrimidine ligand makes the emission wavelength a noticeable blue-shift. Moreover, the further introduction of Ph group shifts the emission wavelength to a shorter region. In terms of the radiative decay rate constant (kr), the position of -OCH3 has a slight influence on it, but the introduction of Ph group is conductive to enhancing this value. In particular, the 7 has the largest kr among the designed complexes up to 7.68 × 105 s-1. As for the non-radiative process, 1-6 have high barriers between 3MLCT and 3MC, indicating the difficulty of electron relaxation to the non-emissive 3MC structure. There is no transition state of 3MLCT↔3MC is found for 7 and 8 bearing pyridine-pyrimidine ligand. However, the barriers of all complexes for the S0/3MC min. energy crossing point reaction are high, which is in favor of avoiding the system relaxes to the S0 geometry by non-radiative path. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Recommanded Product: 98-98-6)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Recommanded Product: 98-98-6

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2019,Journal of Bacteriology included an article by Qiu, Jiguo; Zhao, Lingling; Xu, Siqiong; Chen, Qing; Chen, Le; Liu, Bin; Hong, Qing; Lu, Zhenmei; He, Jian. Name: Picolinic acid. The article was titled 《Identification and characterization of a novel pic gene cluster responsible for picolinic acid degradation in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Picolinic acid (PA) is a natural toxic pyridine derivative Microorganisms can degrade and utilize PA for growth. However, the full catabolic pathway of PA and its physiol. and genetic foundation remain unknown. In this study, we identified a gene cluster, designated picRCEDFB4B3B2B1A1A2A3, responsible for the degradation of PA from Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135. Our results suggest that PA degradation pathway occurs as follows: PA was initially 6-hydroxylated to 6-hydroxypicolinic acid (6HPA) by PicA (a PA dehydrogenase). 6HPA was then 3-hydroxylated by PicB, a four-component 6HPA monooxygenase, to form 3,6-dihydroxypicolinic acid (3,6DHPA), which was then converted into 2,5-dihydroxypyridine (2,5DHP) by the decarboxylase PicC. 2,5DHP was further degraded to fumaric acid through PicD (2,5DHP 5,6-dioxygenase), PicE (N-formylmaleamic acid deformylase), PicF (maleamic acid amidohydrolase), and PicG (maleic acid isomerase). Homologous pic gene clusters with diverse organizations were found to be widely distributed in Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. Our findings provide new insights into the microbial catabolism of environmental toxic pyridine derivatives IMPORTANCE Picolinic acid is a common metabolite of L-tryptophan and some aromatic compounds and is an important intermediate in organic chem. synthesis. Although the microbial degradation/detoxification of picolinic acid has been studied for over 50 years, the underlying mol. mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we show that the pic gene cluster is responsible for the complete degradation of picolinic acid. The pic gene cluster was found to be widespread in other Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the catabolic mechanisms of picolinic acid in bacteria. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Name: Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Name: Picolinic acid

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《ESI-MS Study of the Interaction of Potential Oxidovanadium(IV) Drugs and Amavadin with Model Proteins》 was published in Inorganic Chemistry in 2020. These research results belong to Ugone, Valeria; Sanna, Daniele; Sciortino, Giuseppe; Crans, Debbie C.; Garribba, Eugenio. Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2 The article mentions the following:

In this study, the binding to lysozyme (Lyz) of four important VIV compounds with antidiabetic and/or anticancer activity, [VIVO(pic)2(H2O)], [VIVO(ma)2], [VIVO(dhp)2], and [VIVO(acac)2], where pic-, ma-, dhp-, and acac- are picolinate, maltolate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridinonate, and acetylacetonate anions, and of the vanadium-containing natural product amavadin ([VIV(hidpa)2]2-, with hidpa3-N-hydroxyimino-2,2′-diisopropionate) was investigated by ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). Moreover, the interaction of [VIVO(pic)2(H2O)], chosen as a representative VIVO2+ complex, was examined with two addnl. proteins, myoglobin (Mb) and ubiquitin (Ub), to compare the data. The examined vanadium concentration was in the range 15-150 μM, i.e., very close to that found under physiol. conditions. With pic-, dhp-, and hidpa3-, the formation of adducts n[VIVOL2]-Lyz or n[VIVL2]-Lyz is favored, while with ma- and acac- the species n[VIVOL]-Lyz are detected, with n dependent on the exptl. VIV/protein ratio. The behavior of the systems with [VIVO(pic)2(H2O)] and Mb or Ub is very similar to that of Lyz. The results suggested that under physiol. conditions, the moiety cis-VIVOL2 (L = pic-, dhp-) is bound by only one accessible side-chain protein residue that can be Asp, Glu, or His, while VIVOL+ (L = ma-, acac-) can interact with the two equatorial and axial sites. If the VIV complex is thermodynamically stable and does not have available coordination positions, such as amavadin, the protein cannot interact with it through the formation of coordination bonds and, in such cases, noncovalent interactions are predicted. The formation of the adducts is dependent on the thermodn. stability and geometry in aqueous solution of the VIVO2+ complex and affects the transport, uptake, and mechanism of action of potential V drugs. The potentiality of ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) to determine the number and composition of adducts formed by labile V complexes with potential pharmacol. application and the natural product amavadin with some proteins was examined ESI-MS allows the study of vanadium concentrations close to those found under physiol. conditions. The nature of the adducts-which could be related to the transport, uptake, and mechanism of action of potential V drugs-depends on the structure and thermodn. stability at concentrations around micromolar. In the experiment, the researchers used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《Chromium picolinate attenuates cognitive deficit in ICV-STZ rat paradigm of sporadic Alzheimer’s-like dementia via targeting neuroinflammatory and IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway》 was published in Inflammopharmacology in 2020. These research results belong to Akhtar, Ansab; Dhaliwal, Jatinder; Saroj, Priyanka; Uniyal, Ankit; Bishnoi, Mahendra; Sah, Sangeeta Pilkhwal. COA of Formula: C6H5NO2 The article mentions the following:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is prevalent in old age people and is one of the most common brain diseases. Brain insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial and cholinergic dysfunction are key features of the disease. In our study, streptozotocin (STZ) in a dose of 3 mg/kg was injected in male Wistar rats bilaterally through the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route on stereotaxic apparatus Chromium picolinate (CrPic) was tested at doses of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg, while rivastigmine (2 mg/kg) was used as reference standard drug. Cognitive dysfunction induced by STZ was assessed by behavioral tests like Morris water maze and novel object recognition test. Treatment with CrPic revealed attenuation of cognitive deficit. STZ-induced neuroinflammation evident by increased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels was also significantly decreased by CrPic. Dysfunctional insulin signaling after ICV-STZ was demonstrated by reduced IRS-1, PI3K, AKT, BDNF gene expression, and increased GSK-3β, NF-κB gene expression with the help of qRT-PCR. CrPic treatment produced an improvement in insulin signaling revealed by increased gene expression of IRS-1, PI3-K, AKT, BDNF, and decreased gene expression of GSK-3β and NF-κB. It was concluded that CrPic reversed AD pathol. revealed by improved memory, reduced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulated insulin signaling. The experimental process involved the reaction of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6COA of Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.COA of Formula: C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

The author of 《Efficient Passivation with Lead Pyridine-2-Carboxylic for High-Performance and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells》 were Fu, Sheng; Li, Xiaodong; Wan, Li; Wu, Yulei; Zhang, Wenxiao; Wang, Yueming; Bao, Qinye; Fang, Junfeng. And the article was published in Advanced Energy Materials in 2019. Product Details of 98-98-6 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Stability has become the main obstacle for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) despite the impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE). Poor crystallization and ion migration of perovskite are the major origins of its degradation under working condition. Here, high-performance PSCs incorporated with pyridine-2-carboxylic lead salt (PbPyA2) are fabricated. The pyridine and carboxyl groups on PbPyA2 can not only control crystallization but also passivate grain boundaries (GBs), which result in the high-quality perovskite film with larger grains and fewer defects. In addition, the strong interaction among the hydrophobic PbPyA2 mols. and perovskite GBs acts as barriers to ion migration and component volatilization when exposed to external stresses. Consequently, superior optoelectronic perovskite films with improved thermal and moisture stability are obtained. The resulting device shows a champion efficiency of 19.96% with negligible hysteresis. Furthermore, thermal (90°C) and moisture (RH 40-60%) stability are improved threefold, maintaining 80% of initial efficiency after aging for 480 h. More importantly, the doped device exhibits extraordinary improvement of operational stability and remains 93% of initial efficiency under maximum power point (MPP) tracking for 540 h. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Product Details of 98-98-6)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Product Details of 98-98-6

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Category: pyridine-derivativesIn 2020 ,《Failure of 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, as a universal flower care agent to extend the vase lifeof cut carnation flowers》 appeared in Horticulture Journal. The author of the article were Satoh, Shigeru; Makino, Keiko; Shimada, Keita; Nomura, Yoshihiro. The article conveys some information:

The 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid (2-PCA) acts as an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by binding to the active site of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase. In this study, we examined the action of 2-PCA in comparison with the action of 3-PCA, a recently discovered stimulator of flower opening, in cut flowers of the spray-type carnation cultivars, ‘Light Pink Barbara (LPB)’, ‘Carnet’, ‘Collin’, and ‘Zulia’. With ‘LPB’ flowers, 2-PCA at 0.5-5 mM did not prolong the vase life, whereas 3-PCA at 5 mM did so. With the other three cultivars, 3-PCA generally promoted flower opening of all the cultivars. On the other hand, the action of 2-PCA on flower opening and senescence varied with the carnation cultivar and time of harvest, resulting in a shortened, unchanged or lengthened vase life of the flowers. 2-PCA also caused severe bending of flower stems in all cultivars, which lowered the display value of the flowers. The present results showed that 2-PCA is not likely to be a useful flower care agent in carnation flowers. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Category: pyridine-derivatives)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Category: pyridine-derivatives

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Formula: C6H5NO2In 2021 ,《Mechanistic investigation of the aerobic oxidation of 2-pyridylacetate coordinated to a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex》 was published in Dalton Transactions. The article was written by Sousa, Sinval F.; Ertem, Mehmed Z.; Faustino, Leandro A.; Machado, Antonio Eduardo. H.; Concepcion, Javier J.; Maia, Pedro I. S.; Patrocinio, Antonio Otavio T.. The article contains the following contents:

A new ruthenium polypyridyl complex, [Ru(bpy)2(acpy)]+ (acpy = 2-pyridylacetate, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), was synthesized and fully characterized. Distinct from the previously reported analog, [Ru(bpy)2(pic)]+ (pic = 2-pyridylcarboxylate), the new complex is unstable under aerobic conditions and undergoes oxidation to yield the corresponding α-keto-2-pyridyl-acetate (acpyoxi) coordinated to the RuII center. The reaction is one of the few examples of C-H activation at mild conditions using O2 as the primary oxidant and can provide mechanistic insights with important implications for catalysis. Theor. and exptl. investigations of this aerobic oxidative transformation indicate that it takes place in two steps, first producing the α-hydroxo-2-pyridyl-acetate analog and then the final product. The observed rate constant for the first oxidation was in the order of 10-2 h-1. The reaction is hindered in the presence of coordinating solvents indicating the role of the metal center in the process. Theor. calculations at the M06-L level of theory were performed for multiple reaction pathways in order to gain insights into the most probable mechanism. Authors results indicate that O2 binding to [Ru(bpy)2(acpy)]+ is favored by the relative instability of the six-ring chelate formed by the acpy ligand and the resulting RuIII-OO ̇- superoxo is stabilized by the carboxylate group in the coordination sphere. C-H activation by this species involves high activation free energies (ΔG‡ = 41.1 kcal mol-1), thus the formation of a diruthenium μ-peroxo intermediate, [(RuIII(bpy)2(O-acpy))2O2]2+ via interaction of a second [Ru(bpy)2(acpy)]+ was examined as an alternative pathway. The dimer yields two RuIV:O centers with a low ΔG‡ of 2.3 kcal mol-1. The resulting RuIV:O species can activate C-H bonds in acpy (ΔG‡ = 23.1 kcal mol-1) to produce the coordinated α-hydroxo-2-pyridylacetate. Further oxidation of this intermediate leads to the α-keto-2-pyridyl-acetate product. The findings provide new insights into the mechanism of C-H activation catalyzed by transition-metal complexes using O2 as the sole oxygen source. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Formula: C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《In Vitro Anti-tumoral and Anti-bacterial Activity of an Octamolybdate Cluster-Based Hybrid Solid Incorporated with a Copper Picolinate Complex》 was written by Joshi, Arti; Gupta, Ruby; Vaghasiya, Kalpesh; Verma, Rahul Kumar; Sharma, Deepika; Singh, Monika. Formula: C6H5NO2 And the article was included in ACS Applied Bio Materials in 2020. The article conveys some information:

Inorganic drugs, especially polyoxometalate-based hybrids, are expected to be developed as promising future metallodrugs. Herein, an organic-inorganic hybrid solid based on pyridine-2-carboxylic acid or picolinic acid (pic), [(Cu(pic)2)2(Mo8O26)]·8H2O (1), was synthesized. A single-crystal structure of a solid possesses a discrete β-type octamolybdate cluster that supramolecularly aggregates with a {Cu2(pic)4}4- complex and eight lattice water mols. The study indicates that the solid is stable in aqueous medium and less toxic toward normal cell lines. The in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-tumor properties of the solid 1 were investigated. The results of the anti-tumor action against various human cancer cell lines, namely, lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), and liver (HepG2) cancer cells suggest that this β-octamolybdate-based solid yielded the lowest IC50 value reported so far among octamolybdate anion-based hybrid solids, i.e., 24.24μM for MCF-7, 21.56μM for HepG2, and 25μM for A549, indicating significant anti-cancer activity. The cell cycle anal. further reveals the observed anti-tumor effect to be governed by the arrest of breast cancer cells in the G2/M phase while that of lung and liver cancer cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. A fluorescence quenching study suggests the binding interaction between solid and ctDNA, which in turn induces apoptosis and necrosis pathways leading to cancer cell death. This is also the first study of {Mo8O26}4- cluster-based solids as an anti-bacterial agent against Escherichia coli, and it was found to be very effective with a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ~135μg/mL, which is the lowest so far reported for any octamolybdate-based solid. In the experiment, the researchers used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Formula: C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《Determination of the complexation parameters of L-asparagine with some biologically active pyridine derivatives in aqueous solutions from calorimetric results》 was published in Thermochimica Acta in 2020. These research results belong to Tyunina, Elena Yu.; Krutova, Olga N.; Lytkin, Alexandr I.. Name: Picolinic acid The article mentions the following:

Thermodn. functions (lgK, ΔcG, ΔcH, ΔcS) were determined by solution calorimetry for the complex formation process of L-asparagine in its zwitterionic form with pharmacol. active ligands, such as pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid and picolinic acid in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. It was found that the complexation affinity of L-asparagine to the pyridine derivatives follows the order picolinic acid < isonicotinic acid < nicotinic acid < pyridoxine. The influence of the presence of hydrophilic substitutes and isomerism of ligands on the stability of amino acid complexes and their thermodn. quantities was discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Name: Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Name: Picolinic acid

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem