Category: 98-98-6

In 2019,Angewandte Chemie, International Edition included an article by Guin, Srimanta; Dolui, Pravas; Zhang, Xinglong; Paul, Satyadip; Singh, Vikas Kumar; Pradhan, Sukumar; Chandrashekar, Hediyala B.; Anjana, S. S.; Paton, Robert S.; Maiti, Debabrata. Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid. The article was titled 《Iterative Arylation of Amino Acids and Aliphatic Amines via δ-C(sp3)-H Activation: Experimental and Computational Exploration》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Directed C-H functionalization has been realized as a complementary tool to the traditional approaches for a straightforward access of non-proteinogenic amino acids; albeit such a process is restricted mostly up to the γ-position. In the present work, we demonstrate the diverse (hetero)arylation of amino acids and analogous aliphatic amines selectively at the remote δ-position by tuning the reactivity controlled by ligands. An organopalladium δ-C(sp3)-H activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallog. characterized. Mechanistic investigations carried out exptl. in conjunction with computational studies shed light on the difference in the mechanistic picture depending on the substrate structure. The experimental process involved the reaction of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《Influence of Zinc on the Acute Changes in Erythropoietin and Proinflammatory Cytokines with Hypoxia》 was written by Baranauskas, Marissa N.; Powell, Joseph; Fly, Alyce D.; Martin, Bruce J.; Mickleborough, Timothy D.; Paris, Hunter L.; Chapman, Robert F.. Formula: C6H5NO2This research focused onzinc erythropoietin proinflammatory cytokine hypoxia; acclimatization; altitude training; antioxidants; interleukin-6; nutritional strategies. The article conveys some information:

Baranauskas, Marissa N., Joseph Powell, Alyce D. Fly, Bruce J. Martin, Timothy D. Mickleborough, Hunter L. Paris, and Robert F. Chapman. Influence of zinc on the acute changes in erythropoietin and proinflammatory cytokines with hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 22: 148-156, 2021. Considerable, unexplained, interindividual variability characterizes the erythropoietin (EPO) response to hypoxia, which can impact hematol. acclimatization for individuals sojourning to altitude. Zinc supplementation has the potential to alter EPO by attenuating increases in inflammation and oxidative stress. Yet, the application of such an intervention has not been evaluated in humans. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to evaluate the EPO and inflammatory responses to acute hypoxia in human participants following chronic zinc supplementation. Nine phys. active participants (men n = 5, women n = 4, age 28 ± 4 years, height 176 ± 11 cm, mass 77 ± 21 kg) were exposed to 12 h of normobaric hypoxia simulating an altitude of 3,000 m (FiO2 = 0.14) before and after 8 wk of supplementation with 40 mg/day of elemental zinc from picolinate. Blood samples for subsequent anal. of serum zinc, EPO, superoxide dismutase (extracellular superoxide dismutase [EC-SOD]), C-reactive protein (CRP), and proinflammatory cytokines were obtained pre- and postsupplementation and exposure to hypoxia. After zinc supplementation, EPO increased by 64.9 ± 36.0% (mean ± standard deviation) following 12 h of hypoxia, but this response was not different from presupplementation (70.8 ± 46.1%). Considerable interindividual (range: -1% to +208%) variability was apparent in the acute EPO response. While most markers of inflammation did not change with hypoxia, interleukin-6 concentrations increased from 1.17 ± 0.05 to 1.97 ± 0.32 pg/mL during the final 6 h. The acute EPO response at 12 h was not related to changes in serum zinc, EC-SOD, CRP, or proinflammatory cytokines. Zinc supplementation does not influence the acute EPO or inflammatory response with short-term exposure to moderate levels of normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m) in apparently healthy young adults. In the experiment, the researchers used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Formula: C6H5NO2

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

In 2022,Franco, Leandro Rezende; Toledo, Kalil Cristhian Figueiredo; Matias, Tiago Araujo; Benavides, Paola Andrea; Cezar, Henrique Musseli; Araujo, C. Moyses; Coutinho, Kaline; Araki, Koiti published an article in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. The title of the article was 《Unraveling the acid-base characterization and solvent effects on the structural and electronic properties of a bis-bidentate bridging ligand》.Formula: C6H5NO2 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Understanding the interactions and the solvent effects on the distribution of several species in equilibrium and how it can influence the 1H-NMR properties, spectroscopy (UV-vis absorption), and the acid-base equilibrium can be especially challenging. This is the case of a bis-bidentate bridging ligand bis(2-pyridyl)-benzo-bis(imidazole), where the two pyridyl and four imidazolyl nitrogen atoms can be protonated in different ways, depending on the solvent, generating many isomeric/tautomeric species. Herein, we report a combined theor.-exptl. approach based on a sequential quantum mechanics/mol. mechanics procedure that was successfully applied to describe in detail the acid-base characterization and its effects on the electronic properties of such a mol. in solution The calculated free-energies allowed the identification of the main species present in solution as a function of the solvent polarity, and its effects on the magnetic shielding of protons (1H-NMR chem. shifts), the UV-vis absorption spectra, and the acid-base equilibrium constants (pKas) in aqueous solution Three acid-base equilibrium constants were exptl./theor. determined (pKa1 = 1.3/1.2, pKaa2 = 2.1/2.2 and pKaa5 = 10.1/11.3) involving mono-deprotonated and mono-protonated cis and trans species. Interestingly, other processes with pKaa3 = 3.7 and pKaa4 = 6.0 were also exptl. determined and assigned to the protonation and deprotonation of dimeric species. The dimerization of the most stable neutral species was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and its electronic effects were considered for the elucidation of the UV-vis absorption bands, revealing transitions mainly with the charge-transfer characteristic and involving both the monomeric species and the dimeric species. The good matching of the theor. and exptl. results provides an atomistic insight into the solvent effects on the electronic properties of this bis-bidentate bridging ligand. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Formula: C6H5NO2

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Alkynylation of Unactivated Alkenes》 was written by Schreib, Benedikt S.; Fadel, Marlene; Carreira, Erick M.. Name: Picolinic acid And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2020. The article conveys some information:

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective C-H functionalization with bromoalkynes and electronically unbiased olefins is reported. The picolinamide directing group enables the formation of putative 5 and 6-exo-metallacycles as intermediates to afford monoalkynylated products in up to 91% yield in a stereospecific fashion. The systematic study reveals that substrates with a wide range of substituents on the olefin and bromoalkyne coupling partners are tolerated. Chemoselective transformations were demonstrated for the obtained amides, olefins, and alkynes. In the experiment, the researchers used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Name: Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Name: Picolinic acid

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《The effects of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid metabolism in running rats》 was published in Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology in 2020. These research results belong to Pala, Ragip; Sari, Mehmet Akif; Erten, Fusun; Er, Besir; Tuzcu, Mehmet; Orhan, Cemal; Deeh, Patrick Brice Defo; Sahin, Nurhan; Cinar, Vedat; Komorowski, James R.; Sahin, Kazim. COA of Formula: C6H5NO2 The article mentions the following:

We aimed to elucidate the effects of CrPic on glucose and lipid metabolism and the expression of glucose transporters in exercised rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats (8-wk-old) were distributed into six groups (n = 7) as follows: Control, CrPic, Chronic Exercise (CEx), CEx + CrPic, Acute Exercise (AEx), and AEx + CrPic. CrPic was supplemented at 400μg elemental Cr/kg of diet for 6 wk. In the AEx groups, animals were run on the treadmill at 30 m/min until exhaustion. CEx significantly lowered blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, but elevated insulin concentration (IC), compared with control (P < 0.05). CEx significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum, liver, and muscle while AEx elevated it (P < 0.001 for all). CrPic also significantly reduced serum, liver, and muscle MDA levels (P < 0.001). Both AEx and CEx increased the expression of liver glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) and muscle GLUT-4 with the highest level in CEx rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, CrPic supplementation significantly elevated GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expressions in the liver and muscle of sedentary and exercise-treated rats (P < 0.05). CrPic improves various metabolic parameters and reduces oxidative stress in CEx and AEx rats by decreasing BG, TC, TG, MDA levels in serum and elevating GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expression in the liver and muscle samples. The efficacy of CrPic was more pronounced in CEx rats. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6COA of Formula: C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.COA of Formula: C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

The author of 《Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective C-H Iodination of Unactivated Alkenes》 were Schreib, Benedikt S.; Carreira, Erick M.. And the article was published in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2019. Quality Control of Picolinic acid The author mentioned the following in the article:

A palladium-catalyzed C-H iodination of unactivated alkenes is reported. A picolinamide directing group enables the regioselective functionalization of a wide array of olefins to furnish iodination products as single stereoisomers. Mechanistic studies suggest the reversible formation of a six-membered alkenyl palladacycle intermediate through a turnover-limiting C-H activation. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Quality Control of Picolinic acid)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Quality Control of Picolinic acid

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Related Products of 98-98-6In 2021 ,《Molecular docking, DFT and antimicrobial studies of Cu(II) complex as topoisomerase I inhibitor》 was published in Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. The article was written by Parveen, Shazia; Arjmand, Farukh; Zhang, Qianfan; Ahmad, Musheer; Khan, Arif; Toupet, Loic. The article contains the following contents:

Herein, we report the synthesis and single crystal X-ray structure of Cu(II)-picolinic acid complex, as a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor. The complex crystallized in the triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. Comparative in vitro binding studies of complex with CT DNA and tRNA were carried out revealing an electrostatic binding mode with higher binding propensity towards tRNA. The intrinsic bonding constant value, Kb was calculated to be 4.36 x 104 and 8.78 x 104 M-1 with CT DNA and tRNA resp. DNA cleavage activity was carried out with a pBR322 plasmid DNA substrate to ascertain the cleaving ability. Furthermore, Topo-I inhibition assay of complex , performed via gel electrophoresis revealed a significant inhibitory effect on the enzyme catalytic activity at a min. concentration of 15 muM. The DFT studies were carried out to provide better insight in the electronic transitions observed in the absorption spectrum of the complex . Mol. docking studies were carried out with DNA, RNA and Topo-I to determine the specific binding preferences at the target site and complement the spectroscopic studies. The antimicrobial potential of complex was screened against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans; and compared with doxycycline, exhibiting an excellent maximum zone of inhibition of 28 mm against E. coli. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Related Products of 98-98-6)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Related Products of 98-98-6

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

Zhou, Gui-Juan; Tang, Yi-Yun; Zuo, Jin-Xi; Yi, Tao; Tang, Jun-Peng; Zhang, Ping; Zou, Wei; Tang, Xiao-Qing published an article in 2022. The article was titled 《Itaconate alleviates β2-microglobulin-induced cognitive impairment by enhancing the hippocampal amino-β-carboxymuconate-semialdehyde-decarboxylase/picolinic acid pathway》, and you may find the article in Biochemical Pharmacology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2 The information in the text is summarized as follows:

β2-microglobulin (B2M) has been established to impair cognitive function. However, no treatment is currently available for B2M-induced cognitive dysfunction. Itaconate is a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate that exerts neuroprotective effects in several neurol. diseases. The amino-β-carboxymuconate-semialdehyde-decarboxylase (ACMSD)/picolinic acid (PIC) pathway is a crucial neuroprotective branch in the kynurenine pathway (KP). The present study sought to investigate whether Itaconate attenuates B2M-induced cognitive impairment and examine the mediatory role of the hippocampal ACMSD/PIC pathway. We demonstrated that 4-Octyl Itaconate (OI, an itaconate derivative) significantly alleviated B2M-induced cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal neurogenesis impairment. OI treatment also increased the expression of ACMSD, elevated the concentration of PIC, and decreased the level of 3-HAA in the hippocampus of B2M-exposed rats. Furthermore, inhibition of ACMSD by TES-991 significantly abolished the protections of Itaconate against B2M-induced cognitive impairment and neurogenesis deficits. Exogenous PIC supplementation in hippocampus also improved cognitive performance and hippocampal neurogenesis in B2M-exposed rats. These findings demonstrated that Itaconate alleviates B2M-induced cognitive impairment by upregulation of the hippocampal ACMSD/PIC pathway. This is the first study to document Itaconate as a promising therapeutic agent to ameliorate cognitive impairment. Moreover, the mechanistic insights into the ACMSD/PIC pathway improve our understanding of it as a potential therapeutic target for neurol. diseases beyond B2M-associated neurocognitive disorders. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Synthetic Route of C6H5NO2

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

The author of 《A New Schizophrenia Model: Immune Activation is Associated with the Induction of Different Neurotoxic Products which Together Determine Memory Impairments and Schizophrenia Symptom Dimensions》 were Sirivichayakul, Sunee; Kanchanatawan, Buranee; Thika, Supaksorn; Carvalho, Andre F.; Maes, Michael. And the article was published in CNS & Neurological Disorders: Drug Targets in 2019. Computed Properties of C6H5NO2 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Objective: Recently, we reported that stable-phase schizophrenia is characterized by two interrelated symptom dimensions: PHEMN (psychotic, hostility, excitation, mannerism and neg. symptoms); and DAPS (depressive, anxiety and physio-somatic symptoms) and that Major Neuro-Cognitive psychosis (MNP) is the full-blown phenotype of schizophrenia (largely overlapping with deficit schizophrenia). Herein we examined the effects of immune activation in association with tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) patterning and memory disorders on PHEMN/DAPS dimensions and MNP. Methods: Serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), soluble interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA), IL-10, eotaxin, IgA/IgM responses to TRYCATs, and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD) tests were assessed in 40 controls and 80 schizophrenia patients. Results: Schizophrenia and MNP were predicted by significantly increased levels of IL-10, eotaxin and TRYCATs. A large part of variance in both PHEMN/DAPS symptom dimensions (42.8%) was explained by cytokine levels and TRYCATs combined. The MIP+sIL-1RA+IL-10 composite score and eotaxin explained each around on the basis of 19% of the variance in symptom dimensions, and approx. 18% of memory deficits. Moreover, MIP+sIL-1RA+IL-10 was significantly associated with elevations in picolinic acid, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-kynurenine. Partial Least Squares path modeling shows that highly significant effects of MIP+sIL-1RA+IL-10 on symptomatol. are mediated by the effects of noxious TRYCATs on memory deficits. Conclusion: Current findings indicate that in schizophrenia, immune activation may underpin activation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and kynurenine monooxygenase, while impairments in episodic and semantic memory may be caused by the neurotoxic effects of TRYCATs and eotaxin. The combined effects of immune activation, eotaxin and memory defects determine to a large extent, PHEMN/DAPS symptoms and the MNP phenotype. These findings indicate that schizophrenia phenomenol. is largely mediated by multiple neuro-immune pathways and that immune activation, increased production of eotaxin and neurotoxic TRYCATs (picolinic acid, xanthurenic acid and 3-OH-kynurenine) are new drug targets in schizophrenia and MNP.Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Computed Properties of C6H5NO2) was used in this study.

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Computed Properties of C6H5NO2

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Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem

《A validated UHPLC-MS method for tryptophan metabolites: Application in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis》 was written by Tomosi, Ferenc; Kecskemeti, Gabor; Cseh, Edina Katalin; Szabo, Elza; Rajda, Cecilia; Kormany, Robert; Szabo, Zoltan; Vecsei, Laszlo; Janaky, Tamas. Application of 98-98-6This research focused onUHPLC mass spectrometry tryptophan metabolite diagnosis multiple sclerosis; Derivatization; DryLab®4; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Multiple sclerosis; Tryptophan metabolism; Validation. The article conveys some information:

The simultaneous quant. estimation of tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites represents a great challenge because of their diverse chem. properties, e.g., presence of acidic, basic, and nonpolar functional groups and their immensely different concentrations in biol. matrixes. A short ultra high-performance liquid chromatog. (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was validated for targeted anal. of TRP and its 11 most important metabolites derived via both kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (SERO) pathways in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): SERO, KYN, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), xanthurenic acid, melatonin, picolinic acid (PICA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN). After selecting the “”best”” reversed-phase column and organic modifier, DryLab4 was used to optimize the gradient time and temperature in chromatog. separation To achieve absolute quantification, deuterium-labeled internal standards were used. Among all compounds, 3 were analyzed in derivatized (Bu ester) forms (3-HK, PICA, and QUIN) and the remaining 9 in underivatized forms. Validation was performed in accordance with the ICH and FDA guidelines to determine the intraday and interday precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and recovery. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed UHPLC-MS/MS method, the aforementioned metabolites were analyzed in serum and CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (multiple sclerosis group) and those with symptomatic or noninflammatory neurol. diseases (control group). The concentration of QUIN dramatically increased, whereas that of KYNA slightly decreased in the multiple sclerosis group, resulting in a significantly increased QUIN/KYNA ratio and significantly decreased PICA/QUIN ratio. In the part of experimental materials, we found many familiar compounds, such as Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Application of 98-98-6)

Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used as a chelate for alkaline earth metals. Used to prepare picolinato ligated transition metal complexes. In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.Application of 98-98-6

Referemce:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem