Ghosh, Arunava published the artcileCellular effects of nicotine salt-containing e-liquids, Related Products of pyridine-derivatives, the main research area is calcium electronic nicotine delivery system macrophage; Ca2+; JUUL; cell; flavor; macrophage; nicotine salt.
“”Pod-based”” e-cigarettes such as JUUL are currently the most prevalent electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the United States. JUUL-type ENDS utilize nicotine salts protonated with benzoic acid rather than freebase nicotine. However, limited information is available on the cellular effects of these products. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ is a universal second messenger that controls many cellular functions including cell growth and cell death. Of note, dysregulation of cell Ca2+ homeostasis has been linked with several disease processes including autoimmune disease and several types of cancer. We exposed HEK293T cells and THP-1 macrophage-like cells to different JUUL e-liquids We evaluated their effects on cellular viability and Ca2+ signaling by measuring fluorescence from calcein-AM/propidium iodide and Fluo-4, resp. E-liquid autofluorescence was used to look for e-liquid permeation into cells. To identify the mechanisms behind the Ca2+ responses, different inhibitors of Ca2+ channels and phospholipase C signaling were used. JUUL e-liquids caused significant cytotoxic effects, with””Mint”” flavor being the most cytotoxic. The Mint flavored e-liquid also caused a significant elevation in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Using autofluorescence, the permeation of JUUL e-liquids into live cells was confirmed, indicating that intracellular organelles are directly exposed to e-liquids Further studies identified the endoplasmic reticulum as being the source of e-liquid-induced changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Nicotine salt-based e-liquids cause cytotoxicity and elevate cytoplasmic Ca2+, indicating that they can exert biol. effects beyond what would be expected with nicotine alone. These effects are flavor-dependent, and we propose that flavored e-liquids be reassessed for potential lung toxicity.
Journal of Applied Toxicology published new progress about Cell adhesion. 72509-76-3 belongs to class pyridine-derivatives, name is 3-Ethyl 5-methyl 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, and the molecular formula is C18H19Cl2NO4, Related Products of pyridine-derivatives.