Chemistry is traditionally divided into organic and inorganic chemistry. The former is the study of compounds containing at least one carbon-hydrogen bonds. 626-64-2, Name is Pyridin-4-ol, molecular formula is C5H5NO, belongs to pyridine-derivatives compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Ma, Zhi, once mentioned the new application about 626-64-2, COA of Formula: C5H5NO.
Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Phenotypic Conversion of Microglia
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha 7nAChR). We attempted to investigate whether the phenotypic conversion of microglia was involved in the therapeutic effect of EA pretreatment in cerebral ischemia through alpha 7nAChR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after EA or alpha 7nAChR agonist N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide hydrochloride (PHA-543,613 hydrochloride) and antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) pretreatment. Primary microglia were subjected to drug pretreatment and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expressions of the classical activated phenotype (M1) microglia markers induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86); the alternative activated phenotype (M2) microglia markers arginase-1 (Arg-1), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206); and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the ischemic penumbra or in the supernatant of primary microglia were analyzed. The infarction volume and neurological scores were assessed 72 h after reperfusion. The cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of neurons co-cultured with microglia were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and LDH release assays. EA pretreatment decreased the expressions of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-1 beta, and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6), whereas it increased the expressions of M2 markers (Arg-1, TGF-beta 1, and CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) by activating alpha 7nAChR. EA pretreatment also significantly reduced the infarction volume and improved the neurological deficit. The activation of alpha 7nAChR in microglia relieved the inflammatory response of primary microglia subjected to OGD and attenuated the injury of neurons co-cultured with microglia. In conclusion, EA pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through alpha 7nAChR-mediated phenotypic conversion of microglia, which may be a new mechanism for the EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.
We¡¯ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, 626-64-2. The above is the message from the blog manager. COA of Formula: C5H5NO.
Reference:
Pyridine – Wikipedia,
,Pyridine | C5H5N – PubChem