In 2022,Paul, Elisabeth R.; Schwieler, Lilly; Erhardt, Sophie; Boda, Sandra; Trepci, Ada; Kaempe, Robin; Asratian, Anna; Holm, Lovisa; Yngve, Adam; Dantzer, Robert; Heilig, Markus; Hamilton, J. Paul; Samuelsson, Martin published an article in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. The title of the article was 《Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression》.Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid The author mentioned the following in the article:
Considerable data relate major depressive disorder (MDD) with aberrant immune system functioning. Pro-inflammatory cytokines facilitate metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway (KP) putatively resulting in reduced neuroprotective and increased neurotoxic KP metabolites in MDD, in addition to modulating metabolic and immune function. This central nervous system hypothesis has, however, only been tested in the periphery. Here, we measured KP-metabolite levels in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of depressed patients (n = 63/36 resp.) and healthy controls (n = 48/33). Further, we assessed the relation between KP abnormalities and brain-structure volumes, as well as body mass index (BMI), an index of metabolic disturbance associated with atypical depression. Plasma levels of picolinic acid (PIC), the kynurenic/quinolinic acid ratio (KYNA/QUIN), and PIC/QUIN were lower in MDD, but QUIN levels were increased. In the CSF, we found lower PIC in MDD. Confirming previous work, MDD patients had lower hippocampal, and amygdalar volumes Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes were correlated pos. with plasma KYNA/QUIN ratio in MDD patients. BMI was increased in the MDD group relative to the control group. Moreover, BMI was inversely correlated with plasma and CSF PIC and PIC/QUIN, and pos. correlated with plasma QUIN levels in MDD. Our results partially confirm previous peripheral KP findings and extend them to the CSF in MDD. We present the novel finding that abnormalities in KP metabolites are related to metabolic disturbances in depression, but the relation between KP metabolites and depression-associated brain atrophy might not be as direct as previously hypothesized. In addition to this study using Picolinic acid, there are many other studies that have used Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid) was used in this study.
Picolinic acid(cas: 98-98-6) is used in the preparation of 2-Aminodihydro[1,3]thiazines as BACE 2 inhibitors and their preparation and use in the treatment of diabetes.Application In Synthesis of Picolinic acid