Peter, K.; Wietasch, H.; Peng, B.; Thelakkat, M. published an article in Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. The title of the article was 《Dual-functional materials for interface modifications in solid-state dye-sensitised TiO2 solar cells》.Electric Literature of C12H10Cl2N2 The author mentioned the following in the article:
The concept of solid-state dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells with an organic semiconductor as hole-transport medium is studied in detail by examining the dye-hole conductor interface. The facile transfer of holes from Ru-dye core to the hole conductor requires suitable interface modifiers which have the function of dye and hole transport moiety, but with exactly positioned anchor groups and antenna functions. The synthesis and characterization of such novel low mol. weight multifunctional mols. carrying dye units and triphenylamine moieties are presented and their influence as interface modifiers is studied. This interface modification results in doubling the external quantum efficiency of current conversion via improved charge transfer at the dye-hole conductor interface. Also, the recombination processes at this interface are drastically suppressed, which leads to higher open-circuit voltage and consequently higher power-conversion efficiency. The concept is also extended to polymers to obtain dye-centered polymeric hole conductors which carry a single Ru-dye unit in the middle of the poly(vinyltriphenylamine) chain that acts as hole-conductor polymer. The polymerization was carried out by atom-transfer radical polymerization of 4-bromostyrene followed by polymer amination and finally metalation with Ru-bis(bipyridyl) precursors. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of 4,4′-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine(cas: 138219-98-4Electric Literature of C12H10Cl2N2)
4,4′-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine(cas: 138219-98-4) belongs to pyridine derivatives. The ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp2-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. Electric Literature of C12H10Cl2N2The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds.