Recommanded Product: 1H-Pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde. The mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocycles is consistent with that of benzene. Compound: 1H-Pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde, is researched, Molecular C4H4N2O, CAS is 948552-36-1, about Flavonoid-based inhibitors of the Phi-class glutathione transferase from black-grass to combat multiple herbicide resistance. Author is Schwarz, Maria; Eno, Rebecca F. M.; Freitag-Pohl, Stefanie; Coxon, Christopher R.; Straker, Hannah E.; Wortley, David J.; Hughes, David J.; Mitchell, Glynn; Moore, Jenny; Cummins, Ian; Onkokesung, Nawaporn; Brazier-Hicks, Melissa; Edwards, Robert; Pohl, Ehmke; Steel, Patrick G..
The evolution and growth of multiple-herbicide resistance (MHR) in grass weeds continues to threaten global cereal production While various processes can contribute to resistance, earlier work has identified the phi class glutathione-S-transferase (AmGSTF1) as a functional biomarker of MHR in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides). This study provides further insights into the role of AmGSTF1 in MHR using a combination of chem. and structural biol. Crystal structures of wild-type AmGSTF1, together with two specifically designed variants that allowed the co-crystal structure determination with glutathione and a glutathione adduct of the AmGSTF1 inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitro-benzofurazan (NBD-Cl) were obtained. These studies demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of NBD-Cl was associated with the occlusion of the active site and the impediment of substrate binding. A search for other selective inhibitors of AmGSTF1, using ligand-fishing experiments, identified a number of flavonoids as potential ligands. Subsequent experiments using black-grass extracts discovered a specific flavonoid as a natural ligand of the recombinant enzyme. A series of related synthetic flavonoids was prepared and their binding to AmGSTF1 was investigated showing a high affinity for derivatives bearing a O-5-decyl-α-carboxylate. Mol. modeling based on high-resolution crystal structures allowed a binding pose to be defined which explained flavonoid binding specificity. Crucially, high binding affinity was linked to a reversal of the herbicide resistance phenotype in MHR black-grass. Collectively, these results present a nature-inspired new lead for the development of herbicide synergists to counteract MHR in weeds.
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